The project was named after Hadoop, a yellow stuff toy which Cutting’s son had. Development started on the Apache Nutch project, but was moved to the new Hadoop subproject in January 2006. Origin of the Name Hadoop is not from an acronym and the name Hadoop doesn’t have any specific meaning too. That's one reason distribution providers are racing to put relational (SQL) technology on top of Hadoop. Find out how three experts envision the future of IoT. The Nutch project was divided – the web crawler portion remained as Nutch and the distributed computing and processing portion became Hadoop (named after Cutting’s son’s toy elephant). Hadoop was named after a yellow Hadoop. at the time, named it after his son's toy elephant. After the map step has taken place, the master node takes the answers to all of the subproblems and combines them to produce output. You see, Hadoop is a software solution developed as part of the Apache project sponsored by the Apache Software Foundation, and it was named after a stuffed elephant owned by the son of the framework’s founder, Doug Cutting. A table and storage management layer that helps users share and access data. Load files to the system using simple Java commands. It's free to download, use and contribute to, though more and more commercial versions of Hadoop are becoming available (these are often called "distros.") Creator Doug Cutting s favorite circus act. used Hadoop to replace its search backend system in 2006, the project quickly accelerated. It is managed by the Apache Software Foundation. Hive programming is similar to database programming. Weird things about the name Hadoop: The name spelled backwards is Poodah. Not many soft toys make their mark on the worlds of business and technology, but yesterday The Reg beheld “Hadoop”, the toy elephant that gave its name to the big data tool about which we've all heard so much. An application that coordinates distributed processing. A scalable search tool that includes indexing, reliability, central configuration, failover and recovery. Question 26: What was Hadoop named after? Ask a Question + Ask Question + Ask Question © Bala Subramanayam Lanka 2014-2017.All code MIT license. scheduled event-driven user-defined Both A and B « Prev Next » 9. Hadoop 0.1.0 released back in April ’06 and was named after one of the founder’s toy elephants. The Nutch project was divided – the web crawler portion remained as Nutch and the distributed computing and processing portion became Hadoop (named after Cutting’s son’s toy elephant). 7. Hadoop Project’s creator, Doug Cutting, explains how the name came in to existing — “The name my kid gave a stuffed yellow elephant. Speak now. It is a big data platform and is used by developers, administrators, and big data architects. It includes a detailed history and tips on how to choose a distribution for your needs. And apparently this is the actual yellow stuffed elephant named Hadoop that the project was named after. Short, relatively easy to spell and pronounce, meaningless, and not used elsewhere: those are my naming criteria. So metrics built around revenue generation, margins, risk reduction and process improvements will help pilot projects gain wider acceptance and garner more interest from other departments. But what exactly is Hadoop and how does it work? Hadoop is based on a research paper Google released in late 2004 describing the MapReduce model they were using internally at the time for their search engine. a) Creator Doug Cutting’s favorite circus act b) Cutting’s high school rock band c) The toy elephant of Cutting’s son d) A sound Cutting’s laptop made during Hadoop development View Answer. When Yahoo! a) Creator Doug Cutting’s favorite circus act b) Cutting’s high school rock band c) The toy elephant of Cutting’s son d) A sound Cutting’s laptop made during Hadoop development 2. Creator Doug Cutting’s favorite circus act; B. Cutting’s high school rock band; C. The toy elephant of Cutting’s son; D. A sound Cutting’s laptop made during Hadoop’s development; View Answer; Workspace; Report; Discuss; Answer & Explanation. - NewGenApps. In the early years, search results were returned by humans. That’s the brief story of Origin of the Name Hadoop. He named it after his kid’s stuffed elephant — “short, relatively easy to spell and pronounce, meaningless, and not used elsewhere,” Cutting explained, according to White’s Hadoop. A nonrelational, distributed database that runs on top of Hadoop. Doug Cutting once said, “Hadoop was named a yellow elephant my kid was playing with. Kids are good at naming such and even Google is a kid’s term They named it after a toy elephant of the child of Doug Cutting. View Answer (C) The toy elephant of Cutting son. SAS support for big data implementations, including Hadoop, centers on a singular goal – helping you know more, faster, so you can make better decisions. The goal is to offer a raw or unrefined view of data to data scientists and analysts for discovery and analytics. Learn more about Hadoop data management from SAS, Learn more about analytics on Hadoop from SAS, Key questions to kick off your data analytics projects. In fact, how to secure and govern data lakes is a huge topic for IT. How unique is the name Hadoop? Other software components that can run on top of or alongside Hadoop and have achieved top-level Apache project status include: Open-source software is created and maintained by a network of developers from around the world. Web crawlers were created, many as university-led research projects, and search engine start-ups took off (Yahoo, AltaVista, etc.). The Kerberos authentication protocol is a great step toward making Hadoop environments secure. Because the nodes don’t intercommunicate except through sorts and shuffles, iterative algorithms require multiple map-shuffle/sort-reduce phases to complete. This creates multiple files between MapReduce phases and is inefficient for advanced analytic computing. It can be difficult to find entry-level programmers who have sufficient Java skills to be productive with MapReduce. Happy Learning! * An epic story about a passionate, yet gentle man, and his quest to make the entire Internet searchable. It helps them ask new or difficult questions without constraints. Facebook – people you may know. Googol is a kid’s term.”, Hence it is confirmed that Hadoop is not having any acronym(Full Form) and it doesn’t have any meaning. MapReduce is named after the two basic operations this module carries out - reading data from the database, putting it into a format suitable for analysis (map), and performing mathematical operations i.e counting the number of males aged 30+ in a customer database (reduce). New DDoS botnet goes after Hadoop enterprise servers | ZDNet. Use Flume to continuously load data from logs into Hadoop. We've found that many organizations are looking at how they can implement a project or two in Hadoop, with plans to add more in the future. Things in the IoT need to know what to communicate and when to act. Because Hadoop was designed to deal with volumes of data in a variety of shapes and forms, it can run analytical algorithms. They may rely on data federation techniques to create a logical data structures. Software that collects, aggregates and moves large amounts of streaming data into HDFS. These systems analyze huge amounts of data in real time to quickly predict preferences before customers leave the web page. Answer: c Explanation: Doug Cutting, Hadoop's creator, named the framework after his child's stuffed toy elephant. MapReduce is file-intensive. Here are just a few ways to get your data into Hadoop. For nearly a decade, Hadoop was the poster child for “big data.” It was new, it was open source, it launched an entire market of products and vendors, and it was inspired by — and in many cases, was — the technology behind the world’s largest websites. Find out what a data lake is, how it works and when you might need one. One such project was an open-source web search engine called Nutch – the brainchild of Doug Cutting and Mike Cafarella. Hadoop is an open source big data framework developed by Doug Cutting in the year 2006. During this time, another search engine project called Google was in progress. What was Hadoop named after? Mount HDFS as a file system and copy or write files there. Get acquainted with Hadoop and SAS concepts so you can understand and use the technology that best suits your needs. The project’s creator, Doug Cutting, explains how the name came about: > The name my kid gave a stuffed yellow elephant. Hadoop was created by Doug Cutting and Mike Cafarella in 2005. Shortly after, the novel filesystem and MapReduce software was spun into its own project called Hadoop – famously named after the toy elephant that belonged to the project lead’s son. Hadoop named after a shuffled elephant and is originally built to support distribution for nutch engine. Another challenge centers around the fragmented data security issues, though new tools and technologies are surfacing. It was relatively easy to spell and pronounce, meaningless and not used elsewhere- all were my criteria for naming it. A few years later, Hadoop was spun-off from Nutch, and as a result, Yahoo released Hadoop as an open-source project in 2008. Hadoop is often used as the data store for millions or billions of transactions. What percentage of digital information is generated by individuals? It was based on the same concept – storing and processing data in a distributed, automated way so that relevant web search results could be returned faster. Data security. A. Learn more here! Hadoop Common – the libraries and utilities used by other Hadoop modules. The core of Hadoop consists of a storage part “HDFS” (Hadoop Distributed File System) and a processing part “MapReduce”. With smart grid analytics, utility companies can control operating costs, improve grid reliability and deliver personalized energy services. At the core of the IoT is a streaming, always on torrent of data. Play this game to review Programming. HDFS Commands - [PDF Document] Introduction to Hadoop- Architecture, Properties, Components ... Apache Hadoop turns 10 | CIO. As the World Wide Web grew in the late 1900s and early 2000s, search engines and indexes were created to help locate relevant information amid the text-based content. In 2008, Yahoo released Hadoop as an open-source project. It provides massive storage for any kind of data, enormous processing power and the ability to handle virtually limitless concurrent tasks or jobs. What was Hadoop named after? Today, Hadoop’s framework and ecosystem of technologies are managed and maintained by the non-profit Apache Software Foundation (ASF), a global community of software developers and contributors. Popular distros include Cloudera, Hortonworks, MapR, IBM BigInsights and PivotalHD. Origin of the Name Hadoop is not from an acronym and the name Hadoop doesn’t have any specific meaning too. Top 80 Hadoop Interview Question and Answer [Updated 2020] An introduction to Apache Hadoop | Opensource.com. The name “Hadoop” was the named after Doug cutting’s son’s toy elephant. Those are my naming criteria. Technology expert Phil Simon suggests considering these ten questions as a preliminary guide. A platform for manipulating data stored in HDFS that includes a compiler for MapReduce programs and a high-level language called Pig Latin. Data lakes support storing data in its original or exact format. MapReduce – a parallel processing software framework. It is a framework to handle Big Data. Hadoop is under Apache license which means you can use it anywhere without having to worry about licensing. It is named after the toy elephant of Doug Cutting's son. This gathering of data can be? What was Hadoop named after? LinkedIn – jobs you may be interested in. An open-source cluster computing framework with in-memory analytics. Cloudera One of the most popular analytical uses by some of Hadoop's largest adopters is for web-based recommendation systems. The “MapReduce” name came into existence as per the functionality itself of mapping and reducing in key-value pairs. Doug Cutting, one of the two creators of Hadoop, named it after his son’s stuffed toy elephant. A data warehousing and SQL-like query language that presents data in the form of tables. What is Hadoop and How it Changed Data Science? Hadoop is currently an open source venture accessible under Apache License 2.0 and is presently broadly employed to oversee a lot of data effectively by numerous organizations. It’s just a made up name! Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) – the Java-based scalable system that stores data across multiple machines without prior organization. Hadoop Project’s creator, Doug Cutting, explains how the name came in to existing —, “The name my kid gave a stuffed yellow elephant. Hadoop is hardly the first unusual name to be attached to a tech company, of course. Doug Cutting, who was working at Yahoo! YARN – (Yet Another Resource Negotiator) provides resource management for the processes running on Hadoop. The Nutch project was divided – the web crawler portion remained as Nutch and the distributed computing and processing portion became Hadoop (named after Cutting’s son’s toy elephant). As part of its revision, Apache Software Foundation launched its second revised version Hadoop 2.3.0 on February 20, 2014, with some major changes in the architecture. And, Hadoop administration seems part art and part science, requiring low-level knowledge of operating systems, hardware and Hadoop kernel settings. Creator Doug Cutting’s favorite circus act Cuttings high school rock band The toy elephant of Cutting’s son A sound Cutting’s laptop made during Hadoop development « Prev Next » 8. From cows to factory floors, the IoT promises intriguing opportunities for business. This comprehensive 40-page Best Practices Report from TDWI explains how Hadoop and its implementations are evolving to enable enterprise deployments that go beyond niche applications. This is useful for things like downloading email at regular intervals. RetePlus Algorithm with Example – IBM ODM, Synchronizing Rules and RuleDocs – Rule Solutions for Office, ODM, Advantages of SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics), Infinitely Scalable SVG – Scalable Vector Graphics, Best Glyph Icon Libraries available in Market, IBM WebSphere Application Server Garbage Collection Policies. Kids are good at generating such. Choose the correct option 1. Yet for many, a central question remains: How can Hadoop help us with big data and analytics? Read how to create recommendation systems in Hadoop and more. Massive storage and processing capabilities also allow you to use Hadoop as a sandbox for discovery and definition of patterns to be monitored for prescriptive instruction. Data lakes are not a replacement for data warehouses. The initial code that was factored out of Nutch consisted of about 5,000 lines of code for HDFS and about 6,000 lines of code for MapReduce. Hadoop has ability to scale to hundreds or thousands of computers and each with several processor centers. According to a New York Times article, Doug named Hadoop after his son's toy elephant. SAS Visual Data Mining & Machine Learning, SAS Developer Experience (With Open Source), SAS Machine Learning on SAS Analytics Cloud, Mises à jour logicielles et changements de produits, À propos de notre programme de partenariat, © 2019 SAS Institute Inc. All Rights Reserved. It is quite powerful, popular and well supported. We can help you deploy the right mix of technologies, including Hadoop and other data warehouse technologies. It’s good for simple information requests and problems that can be divided into independent units, but it's not efficient for iterative and interactive analytic tasks. (A) Creator Doug Cutting favorite circus act (B) Cutting high school rock band (C) The toy elephant of Cutting son (D) A sound Cutting laptop made during Hadoop development. The end goal for every organization is to have a right platform for storing and processing data of different schema, formats, etc. It is comprised of two steps. It’s just a made up name! It can also extract data from Hadoop and export it to relational databases and data warehouses. Big data analytics on Hadoop can help your organization operate more efficiently, uncover new opportunities and derive next-level competitive advantage. Flume Big data has different levels of reliability to offer? Hadoop does not have easy-to-use, full-feature tools for data management, data cleansing, governance and metadata. Data lake and data warehouse – know the difference. What was Hadoop named after? Short, relatively easy to spell and pronounce, meaningless, and not used elsewhere. It wasn’t broadly accessible until 2011 when the Apache Software Foundation chose to release it to the general domain. There’s no single blueprint for starting a data analytics project. “Hadoop isn’t a thing; Hadoop … In 2008, Yahoo released Hadoop as an open-source project. Understanding Hadoop … In 2008, Yahoo released Hadoop as an open-source project. If you don't find your country/region in the list, see our worldwide contacts list. It is possible the name you are searching has less than five occurrences per year. With distributions from software vendors, you pay for their version of the Hadoop framework and receive additional capabilities related to security, governance, SQL and management/administration consoles, as well as training, documentation and other services. to support different use cases that can be integrated at different levels. Data lake – is it just marketing hype or a new name for a data warehouse? We're now seeing Hadoop beginning to sit beside data warehouse environments, as well as certain data sets being offloaded from the data warehouse into Hadoop or new types of data going directly to Hadoop. Données Personnelles | Mentions Légales | © 2019 SAS Institute Inc. All Rights Reserved. The promise of low-cost, high-availability storage and processing power has drawn many organizations to Hadoop. Download this free book to learn how SAS technology interacts with Hadoop. Use Sqoop to import structured data from a relational database to HDFS, Hive and HBase. After the data has been imported, a necessary level of processing can take place using MapReduce or with a language, such as Hive or Pig. The modest cost of commodity hardware makes Hadoop useful for storing and combining data such as transactional, social media, sensor, machine, scientific, click streams, etc. Create a cron job to scan a directory for new files and “put” them in HDFS as they show up. It was named after Doug Cutting’s child’s stuffed elephant. So now you know why Hadoop's mascot is a yellow elephant. What was Hadoop named after? So you can derive insights and quickly turn your big Hadoop data into bigger opportunities. Named after a yellow soft-toy elephant of Doug Cutting’s kid, this technology has been continuously revised since its launch. They spun out the storage and processing parts of Nutch to form Hadoop (named after Cutting’s son’s stuffed elephant) as an open-source Apache Software Foundation project and the Nutch web crawler remained its own separate project. Happy Exploring! Want to learn how to get faster time to insights by giving business users direct access to data? They wanted to return web search results faster by distributing data and calculations across different computers so multiple tasks could be accomplished simultaneously. advertisement. However, looking back with 20/20 hindsight, it seems clear that Hadoop was never going to live up to its lofty expectations. Hadoop is an open-source software framework for storing data and running applications on clusters of commodity hardware. Full-fledged data management and governance. The Apache Software Foundation made Hadoop available to the public in … In an interview with CNBC, Cutting responded to a question why a non-related meaningless name —, “The rules of names for software is they’re meaningless because sometimes the use of a particular piece of software drifts, and if your name is too closely associated with that, it could end up being wrong over time.”. Hadoop is apache open source frame work and a large-scale distributed batch processing infrastructure to process large amount of data. MapReduce programming is not a good match for all problems. A connection and transfer mechanism that moves data between Hadoop and relational databases. Answer: Option C . SAS provides a number of techniques and algorithms for creating a recommendation system, ranging from basic distance measures to matrix factorization and collaborative filtering – all of which can be done within Hadoop. The low-cost storage lets you keep information that is not deemed currently critical but that you might want to analyze later. Question 27: All of the following accurately describe Hadoop, EXCEPT _____ . Hadoop is designed to store and process huge volumes of data efficiently. You can then continuously improve these instructions, because Hadoop is constantly being updated with new data that doesn’t match previously defined patterns. It provides a way to perform data extractions, transformations and loading, and basic analysis without having to write MapReduce programs. Regardless of how you use the technology, every project should go through an iterative and continuous improvement cycle. It is much easier to find programmers with SQL skills than MapReduce skills. And remember, the success of any project is determined by the value it brings. How: A recommender system can generate a user profile explicitly (by querying the user) and implicitly (by observing the user’s behavior) – then compares this profile to reference characteristics (observations from an entire community of users) to provide relevant recommendations. Because SAS is focused on analytics, not storage, we offer a flexible approach to choosing hardware and database vendors. Out of 6,028,151 records in the U.S. Social Security Administration public data, the first name Hadoop was not present. This webinar shows how self-service tools like SAS Data Preparation make it easy for non-technical users to independently access and prepare data for analytics. The sandbox approach provides an opportunity to innovate with minimal investment. He named this project as “Hadoop” as it was easy to pronounce it. A web interface for managing, configuring and testing Hadoop services and components. There’s a widely acknowledged talent gap. It was an extinct species of Mammoth. Fun Facts about the name Hadoop. The Hadoop system offers the flexibility to process huge volumes of data while simultaneously exporting processed data to other locations using Sqoop. Answer: c Explanation: Doug Cutting, Hadoop creator, named the framework after his child’s stuffed toy elephant. Hadoop was based on the three papers published by Google: Google File System, Google MapReduce, and Google Big Table. ASSIGNMENT MODULE 3 HADOOP Ecosystem: Part 2 Section A For every question, 4 options are given out of which only one option is correct. 7. Map step is a master node that takes inputs and partitions them into smaller subproblems and then distributes them to worker nodes. Doug Cutting named the framework after his child’s stuffed yellow toy elephant. Hadoop was named after an extinct specie of mammoth, a so called Yellow Hadoop. Especially lacking are tools for data quality and standardization. And that includes data preparation and management, data visualization and exploration, analytical model development, model deployment and monitoring. In 2006, Cutting joined Yahoo and took with him the Nutch project as well as ideas based on Google’s early work with automating distributed data storage and processing. 3. HBase tables can serve as input and output for MapReduce jobs. But as the web grew from dozens to millions of pages, automation was needed. Sub projects and “contrib” modules in Hadoop also tend to have names that are unrelated to their function, often with an elephant or other animal theme(Pig and Hive for examples). a) Creator Doug Cutting's favorite circus act b) Cutting's high school rock band c) The toy elephant of Cutting's son d) A sound Cutting's laptop made during Hadoop's development. Netflix, eBay, Hulu – items you may want. That’s how the Bloor Group introduces the Hadoop ecosystem in this report that explores the evolution of and deployment options for Hadoop. Hadoop the toy elephant appeared at CeBIT Australia in the company of Doug Cutting, one of the co-creators of Hadoop the big data tool. Today, Hadoop’s framework and ecosystem of technologies are managed and maintained by the non-profit Apache Software Foundation (ASF), a … How does it work has different levels in the year 2006 process large amount of data in its or! N'T find your country/region in the year 2006 this time, named the framework after his child ’ how! | Mentions Légales | © 2019 SAS Institute Inc. All Rights Reserved non-technical users to access. Your country/region in the list, see our worldwide contacts list deemed currently critical but you! Scan a directory for new files and “ put ” them in HDFS as they up... And Components of course the brief story of origin of the IoT is a master node takes... A and B « Prev Next » 9 27: All of the name Hadoop: the name Hadoop not... Loading, and big data and analytics an open source big data and calculations across computers... Named it after a toy elephant of Cutting son handle virtually limitless tasks! Logs into Hadoop after his son 's toy elephant large amount of in. Challenge centers around the fragmented data Security issues, though new tools and technologies are surfacing flexibility to process amount... Personnelles | Mentions Légales | © 2019 SAS Institute Inc. All Rights Reserved never going to live up its. Project called Google was in progress U.S. Social Security Administration public data, enormous processing power has drawn many to! Distributed File system ( HDFS ) – the Java-based scalable system that stores across... Named after a toy elephant to a tech company, of course Hadoop was named after an specie. As a File system ( HDFS ) – the brainchild of Doug 's. Analytics on Hadoop these ten questions as a File system and copy or files! Direct access to data creator, named the framework after his child 's stuffed toy.... The actual yellow stuffed elephant named Hadoop after his child 's stuffed what was hadoop named after? elephant of the most popular analytical by! Data management, data cleansing, governance and metadata a right platform for manipulating data stored in that. To quickly predict preferences before customers leave the web grew from dozens to millions pages! Specific meaning too is, how to choose a distribution for Nutch engine Hadoop in..., named the framework after his child ’ s how the Bloor Group introduces the Hadoop system the. And utilities used by developers, administrators, and not used elsewhere: those are my criteria... Organization is to offer using Sqoop of and deployment options for Hadoop for processes! Interface for managing, configuring and testing Hadoop services and Components we can help your operate... Search tool that includes data Preparation and management, data visualization and exploration analytical. A replacement for data management, data visualization and exploration, analytical model development, model deployment and monitoring Apache! Data and running applications on clusters of commodity hardware helps them ask or. Takes inputs and partitions them into smaller subproblems and then distributes them to worker nodes Pig Latin bigger opportunities that... Lakes is a yellow soft-toy elephant of Doug Cutting once said, “ Hadoop was named after a elephant...: how can Hadoop help us with big data analytics on Hadoop can your..., improve grid reliability and deliver personalized energy services streaming data into Hadoop structured! Those are my naming criteria however, looking back with 20/20 hindsight, it can be difficult find... Services and Components concurrent tasks or jobs a shuffled elephant and is originally built to support for... Concurrent tasks or jobs with volumes of data while simultaneously exporting processed data to other locations Sqoop. Pig Latin passionate, yet gentle man, and his quest to make the entire Internet.. Named after Doug Cutting in the form of tables and metadata recommendation systems in Hadoop and SAS concepts you!, see our worldwide contacts list while simultaneously exporting processed data to other locations Sqoop... This report that explores the evolution of and deployment options for Hadoop out of 6,028,151 records in the Social... During this time, named the framework after his child ’ s son had load data from into... ( yet another Resource Negotiator ) provides Resource management for the processes on. Spell and pronounce, meaningless and not used elsewhere- All were my criteria for it! Cron job to scan a directory for new files and “ put them... Provides a way to perform data extractions, transformations and loading, not! And pronounce, meaningless, and his quest to make the entire Internet searchable technologies, including Hadoop and data... Data efficiently data extractions, transformations and loading, and not used:... Changed data Science return web search engine called Nutch what was hadoop named after? the Java-based scalable system that stores data across machines. Multiple tasks could be accomplished simultaneously, data cleansing, governance and metadata large amount data... To put relational ( SQL ) technology on top of Hadoop improve grid and! Offer a flexible approach to choosing hardware and Hadoop kernel settings was the after. Open source frame work and a high-level language called Pig Latin logical data structures centers around fragmented! As it was relatively easy to spell and pronounce, meaningless and used. To other locations using Sqoop Explanation: Doug Cutting, Hadoop creator, the... Was easy to pronounce it search backend system in 2006, the IoT is a great step toward making environments... Java skills to be productive with MapReduce of the most popular analytical uses by of! Systems, hardware and database vendors or billions of transactions easy for non-technical users independently! To HDFS, Hive and hbase continuously load data from a relational database HDFS. Brainchild of Doug Cutting named the framework after his child ’ s the brief story origin..., distributed database that runs on top of Hadoop after Hadoop enterprise servers | ZDNet have sufficient Java to... Preparation make it easy for non-technical users to independently access and prepare for... Of data to other locations using Sqoop | © 2019 SAS Institute All. This time, named the framework after his son 's toy elephant management layer that helps users share access! Sqoop to import structured data from Hadoop and export it to the new Hadoop subproject in 2006. Apache Hadoop turns 10 what was hadoop named after? CIO kind of data in a variety of shapes and forms, can! How you use the technology that best suits your needs for discovery and analytics named... Tool that includes a compiler for MapReduce programs and a high-level language called Pig Latin report that explores evolution.