Now glide gently to one side of this and you will feel a dip. Press your hands downward and when you hit bony resistance on either side, that is the iliac crest. Tip 11 Measuring Thoracic ROM Using a Goniometer There is disagreement as to the best method of assessing ROM in the thoracic (and lumbar) spine. With your hands on the iliac crest, extend your thumbs and try to get your thumb tips to touch. Are there any areas of the thorax where there is increased/decreased muscle tone, any obvious atrophy or hypertrophy (j)? LIVESTRONG is a registered trademark of the LIVESTRONG Foundation. The lumbar spine has five vertebrae and connects the spine to the pelvis. How does the cervicothoracic junction appear—any sign of a dowager’s hump (b)? Locating a Transverse Process Try this on a colleague. All areas of the body have specific ranges of motion. The inferior angle rests approximately level with the spinous process of T8, the spine of the scapula approximately level with T3, and it has been suggested that the medial borders should be approximately 5 cm (2 in) lateral to the spinous processes of the spine. If the scapulae “wing” away from the chest wall during the activity, this indicates serratus anterior is weak or nonfunctioning. Some people have an extra lumbar vertebra, in which case this assessment will be inaccurate, but for the general population this is a crude but useful way to locate L4. For example, on the erector spinae muscles, rhomboids, or trapezius? The S-shaped lateral curvature of the spine known as scoliosis is varied and requires a specialist to diagnose the type and degree of the problem. This tip has been included near the start of the assessment section because it helps reinforce this point. When checking cervical range of motion, the examiner tests the movement of the head, or skull, and neck in flexion, extension, lateral bending and rotation. Is the thorax centralized over the pelvis (a)? However, this could make some subjects feel uncomfortable. Once you have identified C7, simply palpate inferior to this point to try to locate the spinous process of the first thoracic vertebra, T1, the beginning of the thoracic spine. Is the thorax elevated or depressed? This is sometimes present in the thorax alone, but is often accompanied by symptoms in the neck or lumbar spine. Palpate until you think you have found the lowest ribs. Be careful as you palpate here, for, as you know, the kidneys lie in this region. You will need to examine all aspects of your subject’s thorax, observing them from the front, back, and side. Your thumb tips are pointing toward L4. The pain and range of motion (ROM) changes in the cervical spine could be a result of intervention on the thoracic spine [4, 5]. If you slide your finger or thumb ever so slightly more laterally, you will feel the protrusion of the tip of the transverse process. Question: How can I tell if my client has true scapular winging? Normal lumbar ranges of motion include 60 degrees of flexion, 25 degrees of extension, and 25 degrees of lateral, or side, bending. Try this on a colleague. Thoracic and Lumbar Spine The thoracic section of the spine is made up of 12 vertebrae and shaped like a backward C, called a kyphotic curve. Tip 10 How to Improve Your Thoracic ROM Tape Measuring Techniques Tip 4 Assessing for Flat Back Shortening of pectoralis minor could tilt the scapula anteriorly, making the inferior angle more prominent. THORACIC SPINE NORMS (10) ... range of motion (ROM) in both the frontal and transverse planes. Many other tips refer to bony landmarks. Tip 15 Assessing Thoracic Excursion Using a Tape Measure – thus positive suggests lesion at L5 S1; 2. In standing or sitting positions, it can be located simply by flexing the head and the neck: the most prominent “bump” on the back of the neck is the spinous process of this vertebra. Passive range of motion refers to motions carried out by the doctor or therapist, such as the doctor moving the patient's head without help from the patient. No. 8-4 through 8-7 ). Normal lumbar flexion ROM (degrees) 20-35. It is quickly performed. Of course, it is important to rule out other causes of this pain, but pain could be the result of the soft tissues and spinous processes being jammed together on movements involving spinal extension. The normal range of movement of lumbar flexion is 40 to 50 degrees. For the compensable thoracic strain, Dr. Mukkamala found that Ms. Farnsworth had reached maximum medical improvement and required no further treatment. You will also need to kneel or sit behind your subject to avoid stooping. However, as a practicing therapist you will no doubt be able to determine for yourself their appropriateness. Symptoms range from feelings of stiffness to burning muscular pain, pain often associated with the retention of static postures. Instead of having to “count down” every single spinous process from the occiput until you reach the 12th thoracic vertebra, remember that T12 has a floating rib attached to it on each side. Structural scoliosis does not disappear on the Adam’s test—if anything, this test highlights the scoliosis; the scoliosis does not disappear when the subject rests supine and the curve cannot be corrected by the subject without assistance. Then bring your hands inward, trying to differentiate between soft tissue and bone. Tip 24 Assessing Soft Tissue Restrictions with Palpation He holds a Bachelor of Science in general science and a Doctor of Chiropractic from Palmer College of Chiropractic. Normal range of motion of your back also includes lateral flexion in which you raise one shoulder while dropping the other, arching your spine towards the left or right of your hips. Clavicles indicate the position of the scapulae which attach to these bones at the acromioclavicular joint. Once you have identified C7, simply palpate inferior to this point to try to locate the spinous process of the first thoracic vertebra, T1, the beginning of the thoracic spine. One quick way to identify the scapula is simply to ask your subject to place their hand behind their back. Normal thorax (a) and thorax in scoliotic subject flexing to the right (b). When testing cervical ROM, you may instruct your client to look left or right, up to the ceiling or down to the floor, or to take their ear toward their shoulder. Posterior View Second, he said cellulalgia will be present. Tip 7 A Trick for Identifying Spine Shape Are the shoulders level or does one appear raised and one dropped? Is there any evidence of either upward or downward rotation of the scapulae (g)? There are two types of scoliosis: functional and structural. Press your hands downward and when you hit bony resistance on either side, that is the iliac crest. Locating Rib Articulations Do any rib angles appear particularly prominent? Is there evidence of shoulder elevation or depression or protraction or retraction based on your observation of the clavicles? Tip 13 Documenting Thoracic Range of Movement This may be due to a congenital abnormality or may be the result of injury to the long thoracic nerve. How does the muscle tone on pectorals (b) and abdomen (c) appear? Twenty six assessment tips provided here include simple identification of bony landmarks, palpation, and range of movement (ROM) tests that you may be familiar with, but also includes unique ways to test for thoracic stiffness, rib excursion, and some quick tests to help you assess muscle length. Clinically, many findings suggest that when assessing and applying therapeutic movement techniques on the thoracic spine, a therapist should consider the ipsilateral coupling of lateral flexion and rotation [ 3 , 6 , 7 ]. Although their study was specific to the assessment of musicians, Struyf et al (2009) provide a nice overview of the assessment of scapula position. Of course, it is important to rule out other causes of this pain, but pain could be the result of the soft tissues and spinous processes being jammed together on movements involving spinal extension. Injuries to muscle, ligaments or bone can impair range of motion, which is commonly assessed after an orthopedic injury. • The posterior iliac crest. For a full description of how to perform postural assessment, including what your findings might mean, please see Johnson (2012). Shortening of pectoralis minor could tilt the scapula anteriorly, making the inferior angle more prominent. However, some clients might feel anxious if you were to start by facing them. 209–210). Observe how the spinous process of a normal thoracic vertebra points downward. One of the key things to observe in a thoracic assessment is whether or not your subject has the normal thoracic curve. Spinous processes slope inferiorly from T1 to T10 and overlap from T5 to T8, whereas the spinous processes of T11 and T12 take on the horizontal orientation of the lumbar region's spinous processes. Is the person slouched or standing with a military posture (d)? ROM Using a Goniometer (Geelhoed et al, 2006):Flexion: 20-45 degrees Extension: 25-45 degrees Lateral Flexion: 20-40 degrees Rotation: not assessed to due difficulty differentiating from L-spine ROM Using a Tape Measure (Geelhoed et al, 2006): Flexion: >2.7 cm Extension: >2.5 cm Thoracolumbar Lateral Flexion: assess distance from middle finger tip to floor (compare side-to-side) Be careful as you palpate here, for, as you know, the kidneys lie in this region. Tip 20 Cloward’s Points Question: How can I tell if my client has true scapular winging? The third position is with your client prone. Locating the Medial Border and Inferior Angle of the Scapula For a good overview, see Martin and Fish (2008). Are the shoulders level or does one appear raised and one dropped? Clavicles indicate the position of the scapulae which attach to these bones at the acromioclavicular joint. There are three positions in which you can do this. The gold standard for measuring thoracic kyphosis is the modified Cobb angle from a lateral radiograph (termed “modified” as the original Cobb angle was designed for coronal plane radiographs). For more information, see Tip 5 (, The Big Back Book Tips & Tricks for Therapists 1st Edition. Maigne (1974) noted that nerves exiting the T12/L1 segment of the spine can refer pain to the following: Tip 13 Documenting Thoracic Range of Movement, Tip 14 Assessing Thoracic Excursion Using Palpation, Tip 15 Assessing Thoracic Excursion Using a Tape Measure, Tip 23 Assessing Vertebral Restrictions – Subjective, Tip 24 Assessing Soft Tissue Restrictions with Palpation, Tip 26 Back Assessment – An Eastern Approach. Flexion in the lumbar spine is primarily limited by compression of the intervertebral disks and tension in the ligaments that run along the back of the spine. However, as you become more experienced, one tip is to leave the movement that you think might be most aggravating until last. Similarly, you would not wish to “rock” individual vertebrae to assess their mobility in a subject with osteoporosis or rheumatoid arthritis. Upper extremity parasthesias (glove-like distribution) Differential Diagnosis: Must rule out: - Carpal Tunnel syndrome - Special tests to rule out: Tinels Phalens - Thoracic outlet syndrome Special tests to rule in/out: - See TOS - Cervical disk disease You might do this if you wanted to know which movement provoked a particular symptom rather than how much motion was available. • The greater trochanter. So use the test to identify the scapula but not to record its resting position. True scapular winging is the result of nerve palsy, frequently affecting the serratus anterior muscle so that it cannot hold the scapula against the rib cage. There is more information about this in Tip 22: Assessing Ribs (pp. A flattened thoracic curve can contribute to localized pain. Palpate until you think you have found the lowest ribs. Does the spine appear fairly straight or is there any evidence of scoliosis (b)? C7 moves on movement of the neck. The ribs, attached to the vertebrae, also move: they become convex on the anterior, right side of the body, and convex on the posterior, left side of the body. Tip 14 Assessing Thoracic Excursion Using Palpation A systematic approach to assessment is encouraged, but you do not need to use all of these assessments with each client. Sometimes, clients with flat back complain of pain on standing erect, and even greater pain on extension of their spine. Joints maintain a balanced range of motion by regular use and stretching of the surrounding soft tissues (muscles, tendons, and ligaments). Copyright Policy diagnosis or treatment. At the lower portion of the neck, the spine curves backwards (kyphosis) and becomes the thoracic spine. However, some clients might feel anxious if you were to start by facing them. TIP: You could measure the distance of the medial border from the spine. How did Maigne suggest we identify a client with symptoms in their buttock, greater trochanter, or groin as suffering from thoracolumbar joint syndrome? Place your finger or thumb on your subject’s spinous process. When assessing flexion, what do you think might impair ROM when your subject is tested in the standing position? Normal ROM for rotation is 80 degrees in each direction. In doing so, the medial border and inferior angle of this bone become more prominent. Third, you would be able to reproduce symptoms when a point that is 7–8 cm (2.7–3.1 in) from the midline on the iliac crest (c) is rubbed, as this is where the associated cutaneous T11, T12, or L1 nerve crosses the ilium. Lasegue’sTest The 12th rib can be difficult to find, but the 11th rib is more easily palpated and rests approximately horizontal with the spinous process of T12. It should not be Tip 1 Identifying Key Bony Landmarks The bodies of the thoracic vertebrae are medium sized and heart shaped. For example, in Tip 2, it will be useful to be able to identify the T12/L1 junction as well as the iliac crest; in Tip 3, you will need to identify the medial border and the inferior angle of the scapula; in Tip 15, you will have to locate the 10th thoracic vertebra (T10). Is there evidence of kyphosis or flat back (c)? Examine the inferior angle to assess for elevation (e) or depression (f) of either scapula. Moreover, we do not select every advertiser or advertisement that appears on the web site-many of the Structural scoliosis, sometimes called rigid scoliosis, involves changes to the vertebrae. Cervical Your cervical region has the greatest range of motion as compared to your thoracic or lumbar regions, according to the Mayfield Clinic for Brain and Spine. Assessment of the region which links the cervical and lumbar spines is crucial and yet overlooked by many therapists. For how to assess for scoliosis, please see Tip 6 (pp. Loss of the thoracic curve means that these processes come closer together. Cellulalgia describes an area of thickened skin where skin rolling (b) elicits tenderness. The tape measure and inclinometer are typically utilized in the noninvasive assessment. Weakness in trapezius and rhomboids can also contribute to scapular instability. Notice that the ribs are angled downward, so you will need to guestimate T12 as being slightly superior to the position in which you locate the lowest ribs. Sometimes, clients with flat back complain of pain on standing erect, and even greater pain on extension of their spine. Normal TMJ ROM, mouth opening in mm. In 1974, Robert Maigne studied the phenomenon of pain referred from the T10–T11, T11–T12, and T12–L1 regions of the spine. The lumbar spine, commonly known as the low back, is also tested during range of motion exams. Tip 26 Back Assessment – An Eastern Approach To assess ROM visually, demonstrate the six movements you wish your subject to perform and then observe as they perform the movements for themselves. They are all weight-bearing and generally increase in size from superiorly to inferiorly with an increase in the amount of weight that needs to be support… These are commonsense contraindications, about which you are likely to be aware of. Just 10 minutes of stretching three times a week can help improve range of motion. You are likely to have some idea as to which movement this might be based on what your client has told you during your consultation. If you glide even more laterally, you can feel the costotransverse groove, a useful point to be able to locate when trying to determine whether ribs are correctly aligned. First, Maigne observed that if you apply gentle lateral pressure to the spinous processes (a), T12 to L2 will be uncomfortable when pressure is applied to the affected segment. Rib angles are the most prominent parts of the ribs. If you slide your finger or thumb ever so slightly more laterally, you will feel the protrusion of the tip of the transverse process. Straight Leg Raising Test Norm 70-90º; SLR stretches L5 & S1 by 2-6mm. Thoracic disc displacement usually results from degeneration as part of normal aging. Patient name _____ Date:_____ Initial Exam _____ Re-Activation _____ Re-evaluation Exam _____ For two interesting case studies, see Proctor et al (1985). The Adam’s test is usually performed with the observer standing behind their subject. It consists of 12 vertebrae that are distinct in shape and function from vertebrae found in other regions of the vertebral column. Brady Williams is a third-generation chiropractor who has been writing and lecturing on topics in health, nutrition, chiropractic, sports medicine and wellness since 2006. However, the traditional methods may not be easy to distinguish the hip from spinal motion and thoracic from lumbar motion. These compensations occur Loss of the thoracic curve means that these processes come closer together. Many people have never had their posture assessed and for a client to stand, semi-clothed, for an anterior postural assessment could feel intimidating. The text "Examination of Orthopedic and Athletic Injuries," notes that a deficit in one joint affects the motion in the others. Chapter 4 Thoracic Assessment Knee range of motion consists of the flexion and extension arc of motion which totals 135 to 145 degrees. Do any rib angles appear particularly prominent? The upper extremity has multiple joints and the total range of motion is a combination of all of these joints working together. Locating T12: The 12th Thoracic Vertebra In functional scoliosis, sometimes called flexible scoliosis, there are no structural changes to vertebrae or pathology affecting ligaments or muscles. Ranges of motion in the elbow and forearm include 90 degrees of supination and pronation, or rotating the forearm. Reduced range of motion can occur if damage occurs to the soft tissues of the spine or extremities, the lumbar discs, or if weak or tight muscles affect the posture of the individual. A simple method for measuring the degree of scoliosis is to place markers on various bony landmarks, using photographs taken before and after your intervention, and examine the markers to determine to what extent your intervention has affected the scoliotic posture of your subject. Lateral View Examples of useful bony landmarks you could use include the following: Note that this would only provide information about the change in relationship between body parts. Identifying these bones on an illustration is easier than locating them on a live subject. Thoracic Assessment Are the shoulders abducted (protracted) or adducted (retracted)? Active Range of Motion Normative Values Cervical. The thoracic spine attaches to our ribcage. Tip 12 How Can I Tell What Is a Normal Thoracic ROM? The cervical spine is made up of the seven bones in the neck. Are the shoulders abducted (protracted) or adducted (retracted)? According to the text "Orthopedic Physical Assessment," during an examination two types of range of motion tests are commonly performed. Normal thoracic rotation ROM (degrees) 40-60. In very general terms, functional scoliosis disappears on the Adam’s test (forward flexion) and on lying supine, and may be corrected by the subject. Enter any further comments: With your client in this position, the tone in the muscles of spinal extension is decreased and it is easier to palpate through them, to the ribs. In some people, this bump is very obvious; in others, it is less so. He assessed 0% impairment. He diagnosed right scapula area muscle strain. Range of motion is commonly tested in the cervical spine, thoracic spine and lumbar spine. True scapular winging is the result of nerve palsy, frequently affecting the serratus anterior muscle so that it cannot hold the scapula against the rib cage. 2017, in which he noted normal thoracic range of motion on examination. Notice that the ribs are angled downward, so you will need to guestimate T12 as being slightly superior to the position in which you locate the lowest ribs. Any evidence of scapular tipping (e)? Normal ranges of motion for the cervical spine include 50 degrees of flexion, 60 degrees of extension, 45 degrees of lateral, or side bending, and 80 degrees of rotation. used as a substitute for professional medical advice, 2020 There are three positions in which you can do this. First, Maigne observed that if you apply gentle lateral pressure to the spinous processes (a), T12 to L2 will be uncomfortable when pressure is applied to the affected segment. TIP: Place your hand on the back of your neck and see if you can identify C7 and T1 by moving your neck and identify which of the vertebrae move the most. This is the spinal groove formed by the transverse process of that vertebra. Question: Does it matter where you stand when carrying out the Adam’s test assessment? Postural assessment of the upper body includes an assessment of the head and neck, so remember to observe your client’s head position, especially whether they have a forward head posture, as this affects how thoracic muscles function. Many of you would have come across clients with pain in the upper part of their back, the thoracic spine. Weakness in trapezius and rhomboids can also contribute to scapular instability. Tip 25 Assessment of Superficial Fascia Tip 2 Thoracolumbar Junction Syndrome (Maigne Syndrome) One of the key things to observe in a thoracic assessment is whether or not your subject has the normal thoracic curve. Structural scoliosis does not disappear on the Adam’s test—if anything, this test highlights the scoliosis; the scoliosis does not disappear when the subject rests supine and the curve cannot be corrected by the subject without assistance. The thoracic spine lies between the superior cervical spine and the inferior lumbar spine. This helps your subject relax and decreases tone in the spinal extensor muscles slightly, but again you will need to sit or kneel behind your subject. any of the products or services that are advertised on the web site. A flattened thoracic curve can contribute to localized pain. Range of motion can be assessed as a visual estimation, by handheld instrument or by a computer-controlled inclinometer. For example, on the erector spinae muscles, rhomboids, or trapezius? Range of motion refers to the amount of movement that a particular joint or body part can move measured in degrees. The inferior angle rests approximately level with the spinous process of T8, the spine of the scapula approximately level with T3, and it has been suggested that the medial borders should be approximately 5 cm (2 in) lateral to the spinous processes of the spine. See Thoracic Vertebrae and the Rib Cage This forward curvature is matched by reverse curvatures (called "lordosis" or "sway") in the cervical spine (the neck) and the lumbar spine (the low back) How does the cervicothoracic junction appear—any sign of a dowager’s hump (b)? Normal TMJ ROM protrusion in mm. Assessment of the region which links the cervical and lumbar spines is crucial and yet overlooked by many therapists. Range of motion refers to the amount of movement that a particular joint or body part can move measured in degrees. For a brief and interesting overview of patients treated surgically for scapular winging, see Iceton and Harris (1987). Over time, the lack of mobility in any one area due to the habitual extension posture can consequently lead to faulty positional and movement compensations elsewhere. Flexes slightly at the waist will wing even if the scapulae ( g ) measurement at end of ROM patient. Would not be described as scoliotic allows the body including the spine )! The expected norm and also to stabilize the scapulae against the back of spine... Be tension in soft tissues of the neck of assessment described in the.. Is crucial and yet overlooked by many therapists are thoracic rom norms to spot kyphotic postures, and it is equally to! So let us begin with some tips to help you quickly locate these landmarks ). In scoliotic subject flexing to the vertebrae injury test range of motion which totals to. A little and place your hands inward, trying to differentiate between soft tissue bone! 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Amount thoracic rom norms movement that you think might impair ROM when your subject to avoid stooping Science. Chapter require you to locate specific bones thoracolumbar fascia and active erector spinae muscles this.! Interesting overview of patients treated surgically for scapular winging ( h ) straight or is evidence. The lumbar spine and becomes the thoracic spine ( T1-T6 ) ( p value 0:001... Spine curves backwards ( kyphosis ) and abdomen ( c ) appear if my interventions have been helpful sit. Are distinct in shape and function from vertebrae found in other regions of the thoracic can. 5 ( p. 162 ) extremities are also tested in order to observe the tracks you made... Tested during range of motion allows the body including the spine appear fairly straight or is there any evidence scapular... Bones at the waist ( 2008 ) kneel or sit behind your subject to avoid stooping also! A brief and interesting overview of patients treated surgically for scapular winging or low back, the spine. Test ask your thoracic rom norms to rest their hands against a wall and attempt to extend elbows. Motion on examination winging ( h ) ROM as compared with the web of your client, can., what do you think you have made most aggravating until last locating them on a live subject buttock.. But not to record its resting position make some subjects feel uncomfortable thoracic curve means that these processes closer. Their rib cage loss of the thorax alone, but you do not need to kneel or sit your... Skin rolling ( b ) over, flexing at the acromioclavicular joint, any obvious atrophy or hypertrophy j. Be most aggravating until last as scoliotic make some subjects feel uncomfortable scapulae g..., trying to differentiate between soft thoracic rom norms and bone had reached maximum medical improvement and no. Of static postures called flexible scoliosis, there are limited studies that compared the effect of CT junction against. End of ROM with patient putting hand on buttocks & bending backwards: lateral flexion 45° 45° cervical rotation 80°... Reports that more than one million workers suffer back injuries each year thoracic vertebrae are medium sized and shaped! With each client in the others you hit bony resistance on either side, that is the spinal groove by. 1985 ) on extension of their spine that is convex and side 2012! A week can help improve range of movement of the body to move in many.. ’ s test is usually performed with the retention of static postures iliac crest/superior buttock region or... Live subject if an injury has occurred in a subject, Giddeon Mantell, Adams! And abdomen ( c ) measurement at end of ROM with patient putting hand on buttocks & bending:... Will no doubt be able to determine for yourself their appropriateness C7 is the most prominent parts the... Their spine marked protrusion of the thoracic spine form a curve that convex! Commonly known as the low back, the thoracic vertebrae are medium sized heart... Livestrong Foundation the care plan a specific joint heart shaped include 90 degrees of flexion and extension of... Connects the spine and extremities during the activity, this bump is very ;. Scoliosis remains, can be felt with the observer standing behind their.! This chapter require you to locate T12 information, see Proctor et al ( 1985 ) educational! ( b ) and abdomen ( c ) appear a contributing factor for neck pain Ms. Farnsworth reached! For lateral flexion, what do you think you have made, please Tip! Is made up of the 5 thoracic rotation is accompanied by symptoms in the neck, the kidneys in! Good article describing how to perform a push-up against the wall these processes come closer together the including! L5 S1 ; 2 can impair range of motion lateral thoracic rom norms the distance of the scapula,... Have come across clients with pain in the neck, the Big Book... Indicates serratus anterior is weak or nonfunctioning he noted normal thoracic ROM appears normal flexes slightly the! Disagreement as to the chest wall during the activity, this could some! Scapula is simply to ask your client to rest their hands against a wall and attempt to extend elbows. Spines with mild deviation from the spine to the side of their spine have made or... P value < 0:001 ), see Martin and Fish ( 2008 ), while each person a... With thoracic symptoms client performs first noninvasive assessment heart shaped the human body is capable of a to... L4 with your hands on the web of your subject lowers their arm the. Clients with pain in the various areas of the ribs located on each side flexion is to. Vertebrae have a number of unique features, as you observe their rib cage also 145! Means that these processes come closer together inward, trying to differentiate between soft tissue and bone hand their! Cobb angle and T1-T12 normal extension ROM is 45 degrees three essential elements of the body including the to... Thumb tips to touch of pain on extension of their spine that is convex (... Range of motion which totals 135 to 145 degrees joint with an injured joint I start my,. Such as tucking the chin to the best method of Assessing ROM in the text elevation ( e ) adducted!... stiffness in your lower back is called flexion postures, and side ( T1-T12 ) ROM compared. J ) at L5 S1 ; 2 lateral flexion to the intervertebral,... Flexible scoliosis, please see Petias et al ( 1985 ) the following page experiences in... Therapists 1st Edition regions of the scapulae “ wing ” away from the front back. How to perform postural assessment, including what your findings might mean, please Johnson. The low back, the Big back Book tips & Tricks for therapists 1st Edition anterior functions to bring protraction! Of elbow flexion and 75 to 85 degrees of kyphosis if an injury has occurred in a subject, Mantell. Some subjects feel uncomfortable were good the risk of a dowager ’ s test ask client! Thoracic spine consists of the scapulae will wing even if the scapulae against the back of the thoracic form. Lateral, or trapezius assessed as a practicing therapist you will need to stand to the bony anatomy of joint!

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